Showing posts with label History of Science and Technology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label History of Science and Technology. Show all posts

Friday, 7 September 2018

The Stanford Prison Experiment

By now you've probably come across a movie that revisits a fairly extreme research project developed in the 70s by the American Psychologist, Dr. Phillip Zimbardo, where a prison has been recreated and 24 male students were originally placed in to cohabit as guards and inmates (for an intended period of no more than two weeks). Well, a lot has been learned from this quite radical initiative, but above all, this experiment gave everyone a clear sense of how scientific experiments need adequate planning and ample consideration. It is not just because of the psychological atmosphere surrounding every particular aspect of the whole research, something that from the perspective of researchers and subjects would on its own be material for further progressive analysis. But also due to the fact that its originality does not really contradicts a perception of non-applicability, but simultaneously antagonises itself for the lack of primary support.

What I mean with all this jibber-jabber is that when you are the first to lay your brains on analysing something that lacks validity from previous studies, then you're off to something either boring or epic. Boring would be if the construction of the whole scenario and emotional participation of the tested subjects would have been so fake it'd have created a false sense of reality, thus producing false positive/negative results, ergo resulting in makeshift observations. Epic would be, as it was, when the immersing of the subjects (and additional players) into the testing is so naturally achieved, that suddenly there is a sense of hyper reality for a sub-scenario, usually attained when most of ones' strings to the wider reality are cut and the smaller constrained sub-scenario becomes gradually your wider reality.

What do I really mean with all this? I am obviously trying to avoid spoilers as much as possible. As a cinematographic portrait of the actual research experiment that took place in Stanford University, the movie is way to good (in my humble opinion) to be ignored. And the real events that feed it are way too relevant (historically) to be mistaken by just another movie. 

There is a lot more in it for us to interpret that goes far beyond the simplistic plot. There is an intricate boiling of our own self-knowledge, a complex web of uncontrolled behavior in ourselves that can be triggered by external and internal forces when one sees oneself as part of a greater power or as the unfortunate victim of a greater injustice. Fortunately, this movie, as well as the experience that brings up to the wider audience, is not dense in scientific facts or boring jargon and idiosyncrasies. This movie is incredibly good in showing how thin the line is between Victim -> Power <- Repressor. A line that is not straight nor entangled (in my opinion). It is simply a volatile equation telling you that Power makes the oppressor if the victim chooses to be a greater victim than expected, and Injustice makes you the trigger of Great Oppression when you respond to injustice in a reactionary fashion.

Wow, how incredibly hard it is not to bring loads of spoilers here and still try to make any sense.

I don't really enjoy embedding videos as they eventually are taken away from their original sources and I end up with mismatching content. But look at the trailer of this incredible movie and be the judge of this piece of history that shaped important changes in the way Power/Subservience/Research are nowadays considered.


Friday, 16 June 2017

Practolol

When it comes to the root of events that triggered the emergence of pharmacovigilance, regulatory affairs, adverse event recognition and keeping records of bad medical experiences by 'good' patients, everyone considers thalidomide [1] as the starting point. I guess I wrote very briefly about it here. But in fact thalidomide and its nasty teratogenic effects recognised in the 1960s cannot be considered the sole potentiator of utter vigilance and attentive pharmacological screening. There was yet another product that also contributed to this wind of change, but because of a lesser visual impact turned out to be the poor relative of a family of historical drugs that would change our relationship with medicines forever.

COMING ON AUGUST THE 20TH!!!

[1] Grootheest, K. (2003). "The Dawn of Pharmacovigilance". International journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 17(5), pp. 195-200.

Wednesday, 10 June 2015

Top Recent and Outstanding Portuguese Scientific and Technological Achievements

I am here celebrating Portugal, for today 10th of June 2015, is Portugal Day. And for those who think we don't mean science you're so wrong. We are clever, we have always been astute and quite ingenious under very difficult economical conditions. From Braamcamp (inventor of the brick in 1853 - top image) to Patricio Vieira da Silva (inventor of the anticonvulsant Eslicarbazepine acetate in 2014), the world has gained from the Portuguese ingenuity and creativity. Check hereby our recent top contributions to the world of science and technology and vote/comment on the one you believe is the most impressive achievement for such a small nation as the Portuguese Republic:


ENDOSCOPY, 1965, by Fernando Alves Martins
Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope, an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ. 



BIGGUN – CHILD & ACCIDENT PROOF ROTATING PERCUSSION HANDGUN, 2004, by Fernando Lopes
RPH – BIGGUN - The first Less-Than-Lethal (LTL) weapon concept to be demonstrably created in Portugal and in the XXI Century, with the main purposes of saving Human Lives. It brings various defence and safety mechanisms, which combines a high level of defence and effective protection by virtue of its unique characteristics with the advantage of providing greater safety, in order to go some way towards reducing the high firearms accident rate among adults and children. Considered the “World’s Safest Weapon”. 



PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION, UNDER SUBCRITICAL CONDITIONS OF MONOLITHIC XEROGELS AND AEROGELS OF SILICA/LATEX HIBRIDS, MODIFIED WITH AKOXYSILANE GROUPS (SPACE SHUTTLE SHIELDS - AEROGEL ), 2006, by Instituto Superior Tecnico
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of monolithic xerogels and aerogels of silica/latex hybrids under subcritical conditions. In the two-stage synthesis of these alcogels in the presence of an acid-base catalyst, the hydrolysis and polycondensation of a silicon alkoxide are carried out in an organic medium containing excess water. A latex consisting of polybutyl methacrylate and polybutyl acrylate, modified with alkoxysilane groups, is first synthesized and then incorporated in the mixture either in the first stage in order to effect its co-hydrolysis with the silicon alkoxide, or in the second stage to effect its cocondensation with the previously hydrolysed colloidal silica. The resulting alcogels are aged, washed, and dried under subcritical conditions. 


ESLICARBAZEPINE ACETATE AND METHODS OF USE, 2014, by Patricio Soares da Silva
New applications of eslicarbazepine and eslicarbazepine acetate in the treatment of intractable conditions, selected from epilepsy, central and peripheric nervous system disorders, affective disorders, schizoaffective disorders, bipolar disorders, attention disorders, anxiety disorders, neurophatic pain and neuropathic pain-related disorders, sensorimotor disorders, vestibular disorders, and nervous function alterations in degenerative and post-ischemic diseases. 

The Multibanco System
Portugal's Multibanco System is a sophisticated system of Automatic Teller Machines (ATM). SIBS (Sociedade Interbancária de Serviços SA), the company behind Multibanco, launched the network in September 1985 with the installation of 12 machines in Lisbon and Oporto. Over 11,000 machines are now available throughout Portugal, in banks, supermarkets, shopping malls, stations, museums and airports.
  • The SIBS website has information about the Multibanco services, useful information and news in English: Click here
Prepaid Mobile Phone
A prepaid mobile phone (also commonly referred to as pay-as-you-go, pay-as-you-talk, pay and go, prepaid wireless, prepay or, if soon disposed of burner phone) is a mobile phone for which credit is purchased in advance of service use. The purchased credit is used to pay for mobile phone services at the point the service is accessed or consumed. If there is no available credit then access to the requested service is denied by the mobile phone network. Users are able to top up their credit at any time using a variety of payment mechanisms. The first European PAYG deployment was in Portugal in 1995 when Portuguese operator TMN deployed a PAYG solution called MIMO.

All-on-four dental method
Developed in the 1990s by famed dentist, inventor and businessman Paulo Maló, in collaboration with a Swiss prosthetics company called Nobel Biocare, the All-on-Four procedure quickly came to be recognized as one of the biggest breakthroughs in modern dentistry. Because the arches are replaced all at once – anchored to the jaw using four titanium screws – the procedure is faster, less invasive and less expensive than the alternative of replacing each and every tooth with its own dental implant.

Via Verde
Via Verde (literally "Green Lane") is an electronic toll collection system used in Portugal since 1991. It is available at all toll roads and bridges in the country since 1995. Toll roads and bridges are operated by multiple operators, the main being Brisa - Auto-estradas de Portugal. Upon passing in a non-stop lane at a toll, a DSRC tag attached to the vehicle's windshield transmits its identifier and the toll amount is debited directly from the client's bank account. If an exception is detected (the tag is invalid (or non-existent) or the vehicle's class (as detected by the lane sensors) does not correspond to the class encoded in the tag, amongst others) the vehicle is photographed and, if there is indication of fraud, a legal procedure is initiated.

See you back in July. Go on and read other posts while  The Toxicologist Today is on holidays. Cheers!